Total Knee Arthroplasty: Recent Innovations, Outcomes, and Challenges

Abstract

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most successful and commonly performed orthopedic procedures for end-stage knee osteoarthritis and other debilitating knee pathologies. Over the past two decades, significant technological and procedural innovations—including robotic-assisted surgery, patient-specific instrumentation, improved implant materials, and enhanced recovery protocols—have transformed the landscape of TKA. Despite these advances, challenges such as patient dissatisfaction, implant longevity, postoperative complications, and cost-effectiveness remain. This review aims to synthesize recent innovations in TKA, evaluate clinical and functional outcomes, and discuss persistent and emerging challenges. By integrating current evidence, this article provides a comprehensive overview to guide clinicians, researchers, and policymakers toward optimizing TKA outcomes.